Clinical Signs:

CHF is manifested in two forms; left-sided failure and right-sided failure

Left-sided heart failure:

• There is increased pressure in lungs.
• Increased heart rate
• Increase in rate and depth of respiration with cough and crackles at base of lungs
• Severe dyspnoea and cyanosis in severe cases

Right-sided heart failure:

• Venous distension and subcutaneous edema
• Increased heart rate
• Superficial veins are engorged
• Subcutaneous edema in brisket region, under jaw and along ventral midline in ruminant
• Ascites- indicated by presence of abdominal fluid wave on ballottement with palpation and less frequently by presence of abdominal distension- pear shaped abdomen
• In horses, edema is prominent in pectoral region between front limbs, ventral abdominal wall, prepuce and limbs
• Liver is enlarged and palpable in ruminant in right costal arch with thickened and rounded edge.
• Respiration is deeper than normal and rate is increased.
• Reduced urine flow and concentrated urine with small amounts of protein
• Feces are normal at first but in later stage, diarrhoea may be present.
• Epistaxis may occur in horse