Toxicity:

• Inorganic poisons such as arsenic, mercury, phosphorus, selenium,
• Gossypol from cotton seed cake
• Fluoroacetate (1080) and poisoning by Acacia georgina, Gastrolobium and Oxylobium spp., Dichapetalum cymosum
• Plants and weeds, including members of Ixiolena, Pachystigma, Pavette, Asclepias, Geriocarpa, Cryptostigia, Albizia, Cassia, Digitalis, Urechites, Pimeiea, Astragalus, Fadogia, Cicuta, Colchicum, Kmwinskia, Vicia, Cicuta, Trigonella, Bryophyllum, Palicourea, Lupinus, Lantana, Kalanchoe, Homeria, Hymenoxys, Eupatorium spp.
• Grasses, including Phalaris tuberosa, corynetoxins in Lolium rigidum infested with nematodes and Corynebacterium spp. (also tunicamycin in rain-damaged infected wheat, pigs), cantharidin in hay infested with blister beetles (horses)
• Drugs including succinylcholine, catecholamines, xylazine (ruminants) monensin – especially in horses, but also cattle, sheep, and pigs – lasalocid and salinomycin in horses, pigs, cattle and sheep, maduramicin in cattle and sheep fed poultry litter, and Adriamycin

Venoms: Rattlesnake venom in horses, Vipera palaestinae

Embolic infarction: Emboli from vegetative endocarditis or other embolic disease such as bracken fern poisoning in cattle

Tumor or infiltration: Viral leukosis of cattle, Other cardiac neoplasia, Cardiomyopathy in horses due to amyloid infiltration of the myocardium

Inherited: Congenital cardiomyopathy in adult cattle in Holstein- simmental crossbred, glycogen storage disease in sheep

Unknown or uncertain etiology: Myocardial necrosis and haemorrhage, exertional rhabdomyolysis of horse, sudden death of calves from acute heart failure