Transformation

• Stable introduction, integration of foreign gene in an organism and its subsequent expression.

Steps

1. Identification and isolation.
2. Introduction
3. Integration
4. Selection and expression
5. Regeneration
6. Transmission (Progeny).

Methods of transformation

1. Indirect method:
2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated:
3. Direct method:
4. Particle gun
5. Electroporation
6. Polyethylene glycol
7. Micro injection
8. Direct DNA Uptake by cells
9. Ca-phosphate precipitation
10. Liposome mediated DNA transfer