Tools and Protocols Used in Welfare Assessment

• Welfare Quality® Protocols (EU) for cattle, pigs, and poultry.
• Animal Needs Index (ANI): considers housing, management, animal behavior.
• Body Condition Scoring (BCS): widely used in dairy cattle, sheep, and dogs.
• Qualitative Behavior Assessment (QBA): evaluates emotional state of animals.
• Cortisol or stress hormone analysis: physiological measure of stress.