Opoids

Opoids are the natural extract of opium /poppy plant. Opiates include morphine

And codeine.

Kinectics:

Most opioids are well absorbed from the GI tract.

Metabolism varies, but opioids generally undergo hepatic metabolism with some form of conjugation, hydrolysis, oxidation, glucuronidation, or dealkylation.

Mechanism of Action :

Opioids are generally classified by their ability to exert effects at the different opioid receptors (mu, kappa, delta, sigma), and by their agonist or antagonist effects on those receptors.  Partial agonists act as agonists at one or more opioid receptors and as antagonists at others.

The exact mechanism is not known but is postulated to involve stimulation of dopaminergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, and/ or serotonergic receptors, possibly associated with inhibition of GABA receptors.

Clinical Signs:

Signs In dogs, CNS signs include depression, ataxia, and seizures. Respiratory depression, vomiting, bradycardia, and hypotension may also be seen. Cats may show excitatory behavior and urinary retention. Some opioids, such as tramadol can result in serotonin syndrome in overdose situations.

Treatment:

Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.