Laboratory investigations:

– Hemoglobin estimation for anaemia , protein and trace element deficiency.

– Stool examination for the presence of ova and/or intestinal parasites.

– Urine dipstick & microscopy for albumin, sugar and blood.

Advantages

a) Precise, accurate and reproducible.

b) Useful in detecting early changes in body metabolism & nutrition before the appearance of overt clinical signs.

Disadvantages

a) Time consuming

b) Expensive

c) They cannot be applied on large scale

d) Needs trained personnel & facilities