Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids are the steroid hormones and they are often classified into cortisol and corticosterone. But the most potent and active is cortisol.

Source of secretion:

The Glucocorticoids are secreted mainly by zona fasciculate of  adrenal cortex.

Chemistry and structure:

Glucocorticoids are C21 steroids having steroid nucleus. They are mainly synthesized from cholesterol.

Metabolic roles:

1. Effect on carbohydrate metabolism:

• They increase blood glucose level by increasing gluconeogenesis in liver and by inhibiting glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues.

Thus hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids can cause adrenal diabetes, glucosuria etc.

2. Effect on protein metabolism:

• They cause catabolism of proteins and release aminoacids from the tissues. These amino acids can be used for synthesis of glucose.

3. Effect on fat metabolism:

• Fatty acids are mobilized from adipose tissues and these fatty acids are used for the energy purpose.

4. Effect on water metabolism:

• Glucocorticoids help in excretion of water when large amount of water is taken.

5. Anti –inflammatory effects:

• Glucocorticoids prevent the inflammatory changes in the cells. They do so by inhibiting leukocytes into the injured area. They also help in vasoconstriction and less amount of blood is passed into injured area.

6. Immunosuppressive effects:

• They suppress the immune system by decreasing the number of circulating T lymphocytes. Because of this reason excessive use of Glucocorticoids can lead to decrease immune response.