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Course Content
Introduction
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Introduction to Ecology and Environmental Science
Definition of ecology:
Scope of Environmental Studies with reference to Nepal
Importance of Agroecology
Approaches of Agroecology
Interrelationships between human population and the environment
12 Biggest Environmental Problems according to Jared Diamond (author of Collapse)
Proposed solutions to Environmental problems
Environmental issues: population, deforestation, urbanization, pollution, waste disposal, pesticide uses and abuse.
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Environmental Hazards
Types of pollution
Air Pollution
Water pollution
Land Pollution
Eutrophication
Harmful effect on the living organisms caused by environmental pollution
PESTICIDES USES AND ABUSES
Biodegradation
Pesticides misuse:
Persistent Organic Pesticides /POPs
Type of toxicity
Basic Pesticide Safety
Industrial wastes and Solid waste management
Types of waste
EFFECTS OF WASTE
Environmental impact assessment and monitoring
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Environmental Impact Assessment:
Guiding Principles of EIA
When should EIA be applied?
Procedure of an Environmental Impact Assessment
What is an EIS?
Processes of EIS
Methods of EIA
Essential Elements of EIA
EIS Preparation
Structure
Monitoring
Common Types of Monitoring
Conservation and management strategies
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Strategies used in developed and developing countries
Threats on environment
Environment problems associated with implementing natural resources and development activities
Government policies and laws
Ministry of environment
Environmental Protection Acts and Regulations in Chronological Order
Methods of people participation
Strategies for social, biological and physical stability
Drawbacks of Ex-situ Conservation
Urbanization, global warming and climatic change
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Urbanization
Global warming:
Effects of Global warming and Climate change on agricultural production
Local innovations related to climate change
Organizations and their contribution in study and research in climate change
Farmhouse ecology
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Introduction
Main farming systems
Components of farmhouse ecology
HOME GARDEN
A typical structure of home gardens in Nepal
Difference between Home garden and kitchen garden  
Inter linkages among various components in farm house or home garden
The Proposed Benefits of Polycultural Production
Ecological principles
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Concepts of Ecosystem and Agroecosystems
Structure of Ecosystem processes
Pond as an agro-ecosystem
Forest as an ecosystem
Crop field as an Agroecosystem
Functions of Ecosystems
Ecological pyramid
Food chain
Food web
Trophic level
Productivity concept
Plant indicators
Agricultural ecosystem dynamics
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Nutrient cycling
Water balance
Species interactions
Competition
Concepts of Agroecosystems
Factors Responsible for Changing agro-ecosystems
Crop responses to environmental factors
Population ecology
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Introduction
Interaction of crops with insects
Interaction of crops with plant pathogens
Physiological plant disorders
Biopesticide
Biofertilizer
Integrated pest management
Agro-ecology of production systems
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Multiple Cropping
Types of Agroforestry
Cover crop
Living mulch
Organic farming
Weed management
Shifting cultivation
Zero tillage
Strip-till
Sustainable agriculture
Types of agroecosystems
Comparison between natural ecosystems and agroecosystems (Gliessman, 1997)
Sustainability of agro-ecosystems
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Fundamental strategy for sustainable agriculture
Constraints to sustainable agriculture
Challenges to sustainable agriculture
Technologies suitable for a sustainable system
Principles of agroecology and sustainability
Measures to promote sustainability
Analysis of sustainable farming system
Sustainability in traditional agro-ecosystems
Master Environmental Science and Agroecology – Notes, Case Studies & Practical Insights – with Rahul

Food web

  • A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
  • A complex of interrelated food chains makes up a food web.
  • Food web maintains the stability of the ecosystem. The greater the number of alternative pathways the more stable is the community of living things.

Difference Between Food Chain and Food Web

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