Introduction

It consists of following implements:

1. Harrow:

• Harrow is a secondary tillage implement that cuts the soil to a shallow depth for smoothening and pulverizing the soil as well as to cut the weeds and to mix the materials with the soil.

2. Bund former

• It is used for making bunds or ridges by collecting the soil. Bunds are required to hold water in the soil, thereby one can conserve moisture and prevent run-off.
• The size of the bund former is determined by measuring the maximum horizontal distance between the two rear ends of the farming boards.
• Bund former consists of forming board, beam and handle

3. Ridger

• The ridger is also used for forming field or channels, earthing up and similar other operations.
• The nose or tip of share penetrates into the soil and breaks the earth.
• The mould boards lift, invert and also cast aside the soil, forming deep channels and ridges of the required size.
• A ridger consists of beam, clevis, frog, handle, mould boards, share and sliding share.

4. Puddler

• Puddler is an implement for churning the soil with water.
• It is used to prepare paddy fields with standing water after initial ploughing with country plough.
• It breaks up the clods and churns the soil.
• The axle with the puddling units is fully mounted on two bearings fitted on a frame made of metal or wood.
• The weight of the puddler is 30-40 kg.
• A puddler consists of a frame, puddling unit, axle, metal cross beam and handle.

5. Leveller

• It is used for following purpose.

(i) efficient application of irrigation water,

(ii) improved surface drainage,

(iii) minimum soil erosion

(iv) increased conservation of rain water specially on dry lands and

(v) provision of an adequate field size and even topography for efficient mechanization

6. Cultivators

• It is an implement for inter cultivation with laterally adjustable tines or discs to work between crop rows.
• The cultivator stirs the soil, and breaks the clods.
• Functions includes:

1. Interculture the fields.
2. Destroy the weeds in the field.
3. Aerate the soil for proper growth of crops.
4. Conserve moisture by preparing mulch on the surface.
5. To sow seeds when it is provided with sowing attachments.
6. To prevent surface evaporation and encourage rapid infiltration of rain water into the soil.