Components of building

a. Foundation:

• It is a sub-structure (beneath soil surface ).
• It should be durable and adequate to support the load of superstructures.
• It may have footing at its lower portion.

Size:

• The size of the foundation is expressed by its depth and width.
• The depth and width are determined by the soil type and the load acting over it.
• The size of the foundation should be determined on the basis of bearing pressure of the soil in which it is built.
• As far as possible, there should be no settlement under the footing after structure is built over the foundation. The size of the foundation is calculated by :

W=W/P

Where, w= width of foundation in meter.

W= dead load coming on the foundation.

P= safe bearing pressure of the soil in kg/m2.

Safe bearing capacity of the soil

b. Floor

• Buiding floor may be of two types:

1. Flexible floor: the floor that deforms.
2. Rigid floor: the floor that doesn’t deforms as of RCC.

• If L is total length of floor then, L/7 is densely stir up and he remaining middle part is equal to 50 x diameter of bar i.e. <150mm.

c. Wall

• Avoid the vertical joints.
• Strengthing by lintel bands. Stitching should be provided.
• Avoid toothed joints and step joints should be provided

d. Openings

Doors and windows are provided in buildings for easy access, ventilation and light. Doors and windows should be located in appropriate place and appropriate size.

Windows and doors for stone measuring wall building:

I. storey: W+D <0.35L

II storey : W+D<0.25L

P1=P2 > 0.5 B

P3> 0.25A

e. Roof:

• Roof should be durable, thermal insulated, structurally stable, well drained, fire resistance and water proofing.