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Concept of weed
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Introduction
Definitions of weeds
Characteristics of weeds
Classification of weeds
Economic importance of weed and losses caused by weeds
Ecology of weed
Weed Seedbank and Seed Dormancy
Seed dormancy as survival mechanism
Persistence of weed
Crop-weed association, Allelopathy and Competition
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Introduction
Crop weed competition
Allelopathic Effect of Weeds on Crops
Factors influencing allelopathy
Mechanism of action of allelochemicals
Losses Caused by Weeds
Factors Affecting Competitive Ability of Crops against Weeds
Critical period of weed competition
Concept of weed management
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Introduction
Principles of weed control
Mechanical method of weed control
Merits and Demerits of Mechanical Method
Physical method of weed control
Cultural weed control
Merits and demerits of cultural method
Biological method of weed control
Chemical method of weed control in field crops
Integrated weed management practices in major field crops
IWM of Cuscuta in Lucerne
Herbicides
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Introduction
Classification of herbicides
Herbicide formulation
Methods of Herbicide Application
Soil application of herbicides
Foliar application
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Herbicides
Environmental and health concern about herbicide: resistance and persistence in soil, effect on environment, precautions and safety measures in applying herbicides
Resources for revisions
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Identification of weeds
Master Principles and Practices of Weed Management – Notes, Case Studies & Practical Insights – with Rahul

Integrated weed management practices in major field crops

  • An integrated weed management may be defined as the combination of two or more weed-control methods at low input levels to reduce weed competition in a given cropping system below the economical threshold level
  • Integrated Weed Management (IWM) approach aims at minimizing the residue problem in plant, soil, air and water.
  • An IWM involves the utilization of a combination of mechanical, chemical and cultural practices of weed management in a planned sequence, so designed as not to affect the ecosystem.

 

Why IWM?

  • One method of weed control may be effective and economical in a situation and it may not be so in other situation.
  • No single herbicide is effective in controlling wide range of weed flora
  • Continuous use of same herbicide creates resistance in escaped weed flora or causes shift in the flora.
  • Continuous use of only one practice may result in some undesirable effects. Eg. Rice – wheat cropping system – Philaris minor
  • Only one method of weed control may lead to increase in population of particular weed.
  • Indiscriminate herbicide use and its effects on the environment and human health.

 

Concept

  • Uses a variety of technologies in a single weed management with the objective to produce optimum crop yield at a minimum cost taking in to consideration ecological and socioeconomic constraints under a given agro-ecosystem.
  • A system in which two or more methods are used to control a weed. These methods may include cultural practices, natural enemies and selective herbicides.

 

Good IWM should be

  1. Flexible enough to incorporate innovations and practical experiences of local farmers.
  2. Developed for the whole farm and not for just one or two fields and hence it should be extended to irrigation channels, road sides and other non-crop surroundings on the farm from where most weeds find their way in to the crop fields.
  3. Economically viable and practically feasible.

Advantages of IWM

  • It shifts the crop-weed competition in favour of crop
  • Prevents weed shift towards perennial nature
  • Prevents resistance in weeds to herbicides
  • No danger of herbicide residue in soil or plant
  • No environmental pollution• Gives higher net return
  • Suitable for high cropping intensity
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