Temperature

• Water temperature in ponds generally depends upon solar radiation, air temperature and depth.
• Water has large capacity to hold heat.
• Light energy is absorbed exponentially with depth so most heats are absorbed within upper layer of water.
• This is particularly true in fish ponds because of high concentration of dissolved organic and particulate matter greatly increase the absorption of energy as compared to less turbid water.
• The density of water is dependent upon water temperature.

Table: Density of water( g/cm³) at different temperatures