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Definition, principles, importance and scope of protected cultivation of horticultural crops
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Introduction
Objectives of Protected Cultivation
Limitations of Protected Cultivation
Importance
Challenges in Protected Horticulture
Issues in Protected horticulture
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Protected Cultivation
Advantages and Constraints of Protected Horticulture
Principles of Protected cultivation/horticulture
Different growing structures for protected horticulture (glasshouse, naturally ventilated greenhouse, hi-tech and semi hi-tech structures, polyhouses, heating tunnel, screen house, rain shelters)
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Introduction
On the basis of environment control
On the basis of technology used
On the basis of structure/shape
Based on construction material
Based on utility or use
Other Structures
Based on soil and climate
Historical perspective and status of protected horticulture in Nepal and around the world
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History of greenhouse industry
Global status of greenhouse production
History of greenhouse technology in Nepal
Selection of site and designing of appropriate protected structures based on microclimate
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Selection of Site for Greenhouse
Basic Design Considerations of Greenhouse
Parts of greenhouse
Loads carried by protected structure
Types of Cladding Material in a Greenhouse
Properties of an Ideal Greenhouse Covering Material
Greenhouse covering material
Principles of protected farming and common practices of farming (soil based and soilless – hydroponics, substrate based, aeroponics and aquaponics)
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Principles of Protected Farming
Soilless culture
Sources of Nutrients in Soilless Culture
Sources of Macronutrients
Sources of Micronutrients
Organic and Alternative Sources
Reasons to Follow Soilless Culture
Types of Soilless Farming
Hydroponics
Advantages of Hydroponics
Disadvantages / Limitations of Hydroponics
Types of Hydroponics
Nutrient film technique (NFT)
Deep flow technique /Flood and drain
Drip-system/technique
Wick system/ technique (Capillary movement)
Root dip method
Floating method
Aeroponics
Principles of aeroponics
Aquaponics
Types of Aquaponics
Effect of different environmental and soil factors on crop growth in protected culture: temperature, humidity, soil moisture, air circulation, pH, electrical conductivity, solar radiation and light intensity.
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Introduction
Temperature
Light
Relative humidity
Ventilation
Carbon dioxide
Techniques to maintain optimal temperature inside greenhouse
Greenhouse cooling techniques
Greenhouse Heating Systems
CO2 enrichment
Humidity management
Dehumidification
How to dehumidify the greenhouse?
Controlling light levels
Soil Moisture Management inside greenhouse
pH Management inside Greenhouse
Electrical conductivity Management inside Greenhouse
Roofing structures, roofing materials and ventilation systems
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Introduction
Covering/roofing materials
Greenhouse covering materials
Ventilation Systems in Greenhouses
Micro irrigation technology, fertigation practices and soil management
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Introduction
Rules of Watering
Types/ Categories of Micro irrigation
Methods of irrigation under greenhouse condition
Advantages and Disadvantages of hand watering in Greenhouse
Advantages and Disadvantages of Perimeter Watering Irrigation in Greenhouse
Advantages and Disadvantages of Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation
Advantages and Disadvantages of Boom watering system
Advantages and Disadvantages of drip irrigation system
Fertigation system
Fertilizers
Fertilizer Application Methods
Fertilizer Injectors
Soil Management inside a Greenhouse
Key Components of Soil Management
Media preparation for greenhouse production
Methods of Decontamination
Fungal Disease Management inside Greenhouse
Temperature necessary to kill soil pests
Automation of irrigation and nutrient management
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Introduction
Master Protected and Precision Horticulture – Notes, Case Studies and Practical Insights – with Rahul

Greenhouse covering material

a. Glass

  • Most traditional and constructed with slanted sides, straight and caves
  • Aluminum frame and glass cladding buildings provide low maintenance and have aesthetic lines, as well as light structure.
  • Disadvantages: Fragile and high costs. Low humidity due to air leakage, so, necessary to humidify glass greenhouses.

 

b. Fiber glass

  • Light, strong and hail-proof
  • Low quality fiberglass will discolor, reducing penetration of light
  • Good quality fiberglass; expensive as glass

 

c. Plastic cover (Polyethylene)

  • Commonly used plastic; thermoplastic
  • Soften on heating and hardens with cooling and the process is reversible
  • Stiff, robust, resist and recover from loads and deformations
  • Water condensation problem, due to temperature difference outside and inside which cause damp, wet environment and disease development
  • Condensation reduces light intensity within greenhouse

 

d. Plastic cover (Polyvinyl chloride film)

  • UV resistant vinyl films; durable 4-5 years
  • Polyethylene: 1-2 years
  • High cost than polythene
  • The vinyl films tend to hold a static electric charge due to which it attracts and holds the dust

 

f. Tefzel T2 film ( Ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene)

  • Recent addition of plastic covering
  • Used as transparent covering on solar collector
  • Life expectancy : 20 years or more
  • Light transmission is 95% ( single) and 90% double layer
  • High heat trapping capacity: reduce cost of cooling
  • Disadvantage: Only available low width rolls (1.5 m)

 

g. Fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) rigid panel

  • High life expectancy : 10-20 years
  • Corrugated panels: greater strength
  • Panels are flexible enough to conform shape Quonset greenhouse
  • Resistant: Hails and other damages

 

h. Acrylic and polycarbonate rigid panel

  • Side walls, end walls and for retrofitting old greenhouses
  • Acrylic: More rigid, highly inflammable, popular due to high light transmission and longer life
  • Polycarbonate: Less rigid than acrylic, low price, flame resistance and resistance to hail damage
  • Available with coating to prevent condensation
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