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Definition, principles, importance and scope of protected cultivation of horticultural crops
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Introduction
Objectives of Protected Cultivation
Limitations of Protected Cultivation
Importance
Challenges in Protected Horticulture
Issues in Protected horticulture
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Protected Cultivation
Advantages and Constraints of Protected Horticulture
Principles of Protected cultivation/horticulture
Different growing structures for protected horticulture (glasshouse, naturally ventilated greenhouse, hi-tech and semi hi-tech structures, polyhouses, heating tunnel, screen house, rain shelters)
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Introduction
On the basis of environment control
On the basis of technology used
On the basis of structure/shape
Based on construction material
Based on utility or use
Other Structures
Based on soil and climate
Historical perspective and status of protected horticulture in Nepal and around the world
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History of greenhouse industry
Global status of greenhouse production
History of greenhouse technology in Nepal
Selection of site and designing of appropriate protected structures based on microclimate
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Selection of Site for Greenhouse
Basic Design Considerations of Greenhouse
Parts of greenhouse
Loads carried by protected structure
Types of Cladding Material in a Greenhouse
Properties of an Ideal Greenhouse Covering Material
Greenhouse covering material
Principles of protected farming and common practices of farming (soil based and soilless – hydroponics, substrate based, aeroponics and aquaponics)
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Principles of Protected Farming
Soilless culture
Sources of Nutrients in Soilless Culture
Sources of Macronutrients
Sources of Micronutrients
Organic and Alternative Sources
Reasons to Follow Soilless Culture
Types of Soilless Farming
Hydroponics
Advantages of Hydroponics
Disadvantages / Limitations of Hydroponics
Types of Hydroponics
Nutrient film technique (NFT)
Deep flow technique /Flood and drain
Drip-system/technique
Wick system/ technique (Capillary movement)
Root dip method
Floating method
Aeroponics
Principles of aeroponics
Aquaponics
Types of Aquaponics
Effect of different environmental and soil factors on crop growth in protected culture: temperature, humidity, soil moisture, air circulation, pH, electrical conductivity, solar radiation and light intensity.
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Introduction
Temperature
Light
Relative humidity
Ventilation
Carbon dioxide
Techniques to maintain optimal temperature inside greenhouse
Greenhouse cooling techniques
Greenhouse Heating Systems
CO2 enrichment
Humidity management
Dehumidification
How to dehumidify the greenhouse?
Controlling light levels
Soil Moisture Management inside greenhouse
pH Management inside Greenhouse
Electrical conductivity Management inside Greenhouse
Roofing structures, roofing materials and ventilation systems
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Introduction
Covering/roofing materials
Greenhouse covering materials
Ventilation Systems in Greenhouses
Micro irrigation technology, fertigation practices and soil management
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Introduction
Rules of Watering
Types/ Categories of Micro irrigation
Methods of irrigation under greenhouse condition
Advantages and Disadvantages of hand watering in Greenhouse
Advantages and Disadvantages of Perimeter Watering Irrigation in Greenhouse
Advantages and Disadvantages of Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation
Advantages and Disadvantages of Boom watering system
Advantages and Disadvantages of drip irrigation system
Fertigation system
Fertilizers
Fertilizer Application Methods
Fertilizer Injectors
Soil Management inside a Greenhouse
Key Components of Soil Management
Media preparation for greenhouse production
Methods of Decontamination
Fungal Disease Management inside Greenhouse
Temperature necessary to kill soil pests
Automation of irrigation and nutrient management
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Introduction
Principles of Automated Irrigation and Nutrient Management
Components of an Automated System
Automated Irrigation Techniques in Greenhouses
Automated Nutrient Management (Fertigation)
Irrigation decisions
Crop management: training, pruning, staking and use of PGRs
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Introduction
Training of Plants
Pruning of Plants
Staking and Support Systems
Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
Major insect-pests and diseases in protected cultivation and their integrated management
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Introduction
Causes of Insect and Disease Infection in Greenhouses
Causes of Disease Outbreaks in Greenhouses
Major Insect-Pests in Protected Cultivation
Major Diseases in Protected Cultivation
Things to consider before applying IPM
Practical use of sensors for information gathering and geostatistics in hi-tech horticulture
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Use of microprocessors and computers for greenhouse management
Advantages of computers for greenhouse management
Sensors and equipment used in a greenhouse (aeroponic system)
Current Crop and Soil Sensors for Precision Agriculture
Integration of Sensors in Precision Agriculture
Effect of Environmental Parameters on Plant Growth and Development and Application of Sensors
Integration of Sensors in Precision Farming
Geostatistics
Geostatistics in Precision Agriculture
The Theory of Geostatistics
Nursery media and seedling/sapling raising in protected structures
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Introduction
Components of growing media
Seedling/sapling raising in protected structures
Protected cultivation techniques of Tomato and Sweet pepper, Roses, Carnation and Gerbera, Cucumber, Squash and Melons, Strawberry, Mango and Papaya
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Protected Cultivation Techniques of Tomato
Advantages and Limitations of protected tomato cultivation
Greenhouse Cultivation of Sweet Pepper (Bell Pepper)
Advantages and Limitations of protected sweet pepper cultivation
Protected Cultivation Techniques of Roses
Advantages and Limitations of Protected Rose Cultivation
Protected Cultivation Techniques of Carnation
Advantages and limitations of Protected Carnation Cultivation
Protected Cultivation Techniques of Gerbera
Protected Cultivation Techniques of Cucumber
Protected cultivation of squash and melons
Protected cultivation of strawberry
Protected cultivation of Mango
Protected cultivation of Papaya
Sapling production from tissue-cultured plantlets of Banana, Citrus and Pineapple
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Introduction
General Process of Sapling Production from Tissue-Cultured Plantlets
Sapling Production in Banana
Sapling Production in Citrus
Sapling Production in Pineapple
Precision horticulture: definition, principles and concepts
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Introduction
Importance of precision farming
Difference between Conventional Agriculture and Precision Agriculture
Concept of precision farming
Tools of precision agriculture ( brief)
Geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS) and their applications in precision horticulture
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Global positioning system (GPS)
Application of GPS in Precision Agriculture
Geographic information system (GIS)
Remote sensing
Site specific management practices for precision horticulture
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Site specific management
Conventional farming
Components of site-specific management (SSM)
Spatial referencing
Prospects and constraints of precision horticulture in the context of Nepal
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Importance of Precision farming
Current Challenges of precision Horticulture in Nepal
Prospects and Opportunities
Limitations in Adoption
Precision farming techniques for vegetable and fruit crops
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Precision Agriculture farming techniques
Precision Farming Techniques in Vegetable Crops
Benefits and limitations of Precision Farming in Vegetables and Fruits
Master Protected and Precision Horticulture – Notes, Case Studies and Practical Insights – with Rahul

Prospects and Opportunities

  1. Protected Cultivation Integration: Use of greenhouses, plastic tunnels, and hydroponics combined with sensors and automated irrigation for high-value vegetables like tomato, cucumber, and capsicum.
  2. Smart Irrigation and Fertigation: Adoption of drip irrigation with fertigation, soil moisture sensors, and automated irrigation scheduling for crops like citrus, banana, and strawberry.
  3. Soil and Crop Health Monitoring: Use of handheld sensors, drones, and mobile-based apps for monitoring soil fertility, disease hotspots, and nutrient deficiencies.
  4. Post-Harvest and Supply Chain Efficiency: Cold storage, packaging, and digital traceability can reduce losses and link farmers directly to urban and export markets.
  5. Commercial Floriculture: Roses, carnations, gerbera, and orchids under protected structures can be managed with climate-control sensors and fertigation systems for export-oriented production.
  6. High-Value Niche Crops: Precision horticulture offers scope for organic and exotic crops (avocado, kiwi, dragon fruit, asparagus, herbs) in Nepal’s mid-hill and high-hill regions.
  7. Youth Engagement: Precision horticulture is technology-driven, attracting educated youth and returnee migrants to agri-business.
  8. Policy and Institutional Support: Government of Nepal has prioritized high-value horticulture, protected cultivation, and smart irrigation under Krishi Diary 2081 and Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP), providing a supportive policy framework.

 

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