Course Content
Introduction
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Introduction
FEATURES OF ARTHROPODS
Systematic Classification of Insects
Class: Arachnida (arachnids)
Class: Chilopoda (Centipedes)
Class: Diplopoda (millipedes)
Class: Crustacea (Crustaceans)
Class: Insecta (Insects)
Reasons for the dominance of insects over other animals
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DOMINANCE OF INSECTS
REASONS OF DOMINANCE
Some fascinating facts about insects
BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL EFFECTS OF INSECTS
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Beneficial effects
Detrimental effects
External morphology
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Body segmentation of Insect
Insect Body wall/Integument/Exoskeleton
Cuticle
Molting
Types of head or orientation of Head
Insect Antennae
MODIFICATIONS OF INSECT ANTENNAE
MOUTH PARTS
Parts of Mouth
Modification of mouth parts
Visual Organs or Photoreceptor
Compound eyes
Simple eyes or dorsal ocelli
Difference between Simple Eyes and Compound Eyes
THORAX AND THORACIC SEGMENTS AND ITS APPENDAGES
Structure of legs
Modification of legs
Other forms of modification of legs
WINGS
Wing venation
Wing adaptations and modifications
Abdominal Appendages
Pre-genital appendages
Genital appendages
Post genital appendages
Some parts of Post genital appendages
Internal Anatomy
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF INSECTS
Salivary glands
Process of digestion
Digestive enzymes
Modification of digestive system of insects.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF INSECTS
Dorsal blood vessel
Process of blood circulation
Properties of blood
Functions of blood
EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF INSECTS
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF INSECTS
Classification of tracheal system based on number and arrangement of functional spiracles
Other types of respiration
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM IN INSECTS
Female reproductive system
Male reproductive system
Types of Reproduction
NERVOUS SYSTEM OF INSECTS
Classification of Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS)
Visceral / sympathetic nervous system
Insect Metamorphosis and Development
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Introduction
Types of Metamorphosis
Types of Larvae
Quiescence and Diapause
Types of Pupae
Classification and Study of Economically Important Orders and Families of Insects
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Classification of insects
EXOPTERYGOTA:
ENDOPTERYGOTA:
EXOPTERYGOTA (Simple body change during growth)
ENDOPTERYGOTA (Complex body change during growth)
INSECT ORDERS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
Major families of orthoptera
Families of economic importance of Hemiptera
Families of economic importance of Homoptera
Economically important families of Coleptera
Economically important families of Diptera
Economic important families of Hymenoptera
Economically important families of Lepidoptera
Moths (Heterocera)
Introduction to Industrial Entomology
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Life cycle of Honeybee (Apis milifera ):
Life cycle of silkworm (Bombyx mori Linnaeus )
Life Cycle of Lac Insect ( Kerria lacca)
Learn Introductory Entomology with Rahul

Female reproductive system:

It consists of

1. A pair of ovaries which possess number of ovarioles,

2. A pair of oviducts,

3. Common oviduct / Median oviduct,

4. Spermatheca,

5. A pair of accessory glands

6. Bursa copulatrix or copulatory pouch or genital chamber or vagina.

Isolating Spermathecae and Determining Mating Status of Drosophila suzukii: A Protocol for Tissue Dissection and Its Applications

a. Ovaries: These are the prominent visceral organs present on the either side of alimentary canal. Anteriorly the ovaries get connected with the body wall by means of thread like suspensory ligaments.

 

 

 

b. Ovarioles: Each ovariole is enveloped by a double layered cellular wall. The outer wall is called ovarial sheath which has an abundant supply of tracheae. The inner layer called tunica propria is elastic in nature. Each ovariole at its terminal has a filament which unites with other filaments to form a suspensory ligament . The ligament is attached to the body wall or dorsal diaphragm and thus helps the ovaries to remain suspended at a proper place .

The eggs are discharged into the lateral oviducts.

 

 

c. Lateral oviducts: Proximal end of the ovarioles of each ovary join to form a lateral oviduct on each side .The wall of oviduct is glandular and muscular.

 

d. Median Oviduct: Two lateral oviducts combine to form a median oviduct.

 

e. Vagina: In most of the insects median oviduct doesnot open directly to outside. It opens into a tubular genital chamber or vagina formed by invagination of bodywall from VIII segment. The vagina opens outside and the opening is called vulva. Vulva serves both purposes of receiving the sperms and discharging the eggs.

 

f. Bursa Copulatrix: In some insects the genital chamber or vagina develops a separate pouch called Bursa Copulatrix in to which insects have two reproductive openings. One is vulva for receiving the sperms open on VIII sternum and another one is ovipore or gonopore on IX segment for discharging eggs.

E. g.: Lepidoptera and water beetles

 

g. Spermatheca: It is a sac like structure consisting of a spermathecal gland and opens into vagina through spermathecal duct. This is mainly used for storing the sperms. It also produces some fluids responsible for longevity of cells for several hours.

 

h. Accessory glands: These are a pair of collateral glands which open in to the distal portion of vagina and secrete the substance responsible for the formation of ootheca of cockroach, preying mantid and poisonous secretions in case of Hymenoptera. This sticky substances are useful for attachment of egg to the substrate on which they are laid.

 

Each ovariole in insects consists of a group of tapering units called ovarioles ranging from 4 to 8in different insects to more than 2000 in Isoptera. Typical ovariole or egg tube consists of 3 parts namely:

 

a. Terminal filament

b. Egg tube

c. Supporting stalk or pedicel

 

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