Course Content
Definition, components, importance and scope of agroforestry in Nepal
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Definition and basic concepts of agroforestry
Principles of agroforestry
Characteristics of agroforestry systems
Objectives of agroforestry
Scope of agroforestry
Advantages or benefits or importance of agroforestry
Disadvantages of agroforestry
Components of Agroforestry and their interactions
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Introduction
Harmful effects
Classification of agroforestry systems
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Purpose of agroforestry system classification
Criteria or principles for agroforestry system classification
Structural basis
Functional basis
Socio-economic basis
Ecological basis
Historical Development of Agroforestry in the World and in Nepal
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Introduction
Relation of Agroforestry with other disciplines
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Forestry
Agriculture
Social forestry
Multipurpose tree species
Energy plantation and high-density energy plantation (HDEP)
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Introduction
Criteria for the selection of firewood species
Compatibility between crops, animals and woody perennials
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Introduction
Harmful effects
Allelopathic effects to under storey crops and plants
Aboveground and underground relationship
Examples of the best combination of trees and crops
Effects of agriculture crops on trees
Effects of animals on vegetation
Effects of trees on animals
Important field crops, vegetables, fruits and forage suitable for agroforestry plantation
Silviculture Techniques for Making Tree and Crop combination Compatible
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Introduction
Types of waste lands and waste land planting techniques
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Introduction
Planting methods
Mechanism for improving degraded lands through agroforestry
Forest cover of Nepal
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Introduction
Participatory Forest Management
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Participatory Approaches
Categories (types) of Nepalese forest
Steps for community forestry working process and practices
Important Agroforestry trees
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Sissoo  Dalbergia sissoo
Ipil-Ipil  
Uttis    Alnus nepalensis
Eucalyptus (Masala)             Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Poplar (lahare papal)       
Neem       
Bakaino   
Bamboo    
Bhimal    
Agroforestry for conservation of natural resources
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Mechanism for natural resource conservation
Agroforestry for natural forest protection
Agroforestry for soil fertility improvement
Agroforestry for biodiversity conservation
Design appropriate agroforestry project to conserve natural resources
Collection and use of biophysical and socio-economic information
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Introduction
Participatory Rural Appraisal
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Introduction
Characteristics of good PRA
Potential dangers and drawbacks of PRA
PRA tools and techniques
Methods for agroforestry system planning and management
The ICRAF’s Diagnostic and Design Methodology
Level of D&D Methods
Farming System Research and Development (FSRD) Approach
Principles or consideration for agroforestry project design
Procedure for designing agroforestry project
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Stages of agroforestry project design
Learn Agroforestry with Rahul

Harmful effects

  1. There is competition between trees and crops for soil moisture, nutrient, light and space.
  2. Shading by trees reducing light intensity at the understory crop level. In such situation etiolation occurs in understory plants. Etiolation is a process in flowering plants grown in partial or complete absence of light. It is characterized by long, weak stems; smaller, sparser leaves.
  3. Trees in agroforestry can augment soil water availability to land-use systems. In dry regions, competition between trees and crops is a major problem.
  4. Root competition between trees and crops for water and nutrients occurs in the top soil. Therefore, trees having shallow root system compete more with crops for nutrients and moisture.

 

  1. Allelopathic effects to under storey crops and plants

 

Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism or plant produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms or plants. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms. Allelochemicals with negative allelopathic effects are an important part of plant defense against herbivory.

Allelopathic interactions are an important factor in determining species distribution and abundance within plant communities, and are also thought to be important in the success of many invasive plants. For example: pine litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants or grasses despite the relative openness of the canopy and ample rainfall at the location.

Chemicals like Phenols, Benzoic acid; Aldehydes, Aceptophenon, Cinnamic acid, Flavonoids, Tannings and Gentistic acid have negetive allelopathy effects to neighboring plants. For example: pine litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants or grasses despite the relative openness of the canopy and ample rainfall at the location. Allelopathy interference can result from natural products in intercrop foliage leaching. Root products, and volatiles.

  • Leaching: inorganic and organic natural products are leached from plant tissues (Tukey, 1970)
  • Root exudation: A variety of natural products has been found in plant root exudation. Clayton and Lamberton (1964) reported that root exudation is increased greatly by wilting condition and root damage.
  • Volatilization: It is the release of natural products into the atmosphere. A variety of plants either secretes or excretes metabolic products into the special structures such as glands, intercellular space, and canals, onto leaf surface. In hot and dry weather, natural products with high vapor pressure released into the atmosphere, which may be directly absorbed by the plants and soils.
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