Crop production in rainfed farming (Lowland/ Submergence condition)

 Submerged condition: –

Reasons: Precipitation higher than ET loss, high water table, flooding, poor drainage

Effect on soil:

• Deficiency of oxygen in soil due to anaerobic condition
• Increase in the concentration of carbondioxide
• Production of methane due to anaerobic decomposition
• Loss of nitrogen through leaching, runoff and denitrification
• Poor availability of nutrients to roots

Effect on crop

• Effect germination, growth, development and yield of crop plant
• Poor germination in cereals or complete failure of germination in grain legumes due to rotting of seed under anaerobic condition
• Poor crop stand establishment and low plant population due to poor seedling growth or death of seedling
• Poor growth and penetration of roots along the soil profile
• Poor absorption of nutrients by roots
• Decreased rate of nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops
• Early maturity of crops and lower yield
• Epinesty: yellowing of leaves, dropping of leaves and flowers, premature senescence