Climate

• Cool season crop; grown as a winter crop in the tropics and as a summer or spring crop in the temperate environments.
• Requires cool climate for growth and high temperature for maturity.
• Optimum temperature for seedling growth is 25-27⁰
• Seedlings tolerate low temperature (-8 to -11oC) for short period.
• >35 ⁰C- reduce yield impair photosynthesis.
• If cold night, waterlogged soil, high RH, and high mean temperature persists, a smaller number of flowers set pod.

Soil

• Can be grown in Medium to heavy black soils, mixed red soils and alluvial plains.
• pH :5.5-8.6 being optimum @ 5.7-7.2.
• Susceptible to Alkaline and saline soil.
• Susceptible to poor aeration and excess water.