Climate

• Highly adaptable to both cold and high temperature condition.
• Tolerable temperature: 8-34 ⁰
• Optimum temperature: 27-28 ⁰
• Minimum temperature for germination: 8-10 ⁰
• Emergence is faster at 15 ⁰
• Night temperature of 18-20 ⁰C and day temperature of 24-26 ⁰C result in more seed per plant, heavier seed, high oil quantity and quality.
• Temperature above 25 ⁰C at flowering reduces seed yield and oil yield.
• <16 ⁰C reduce seed set and oil content.
• For fruit set, 21-24 ⁰C is desired.
• Frost will damage all stages of plant while mature one are more resistant to low temperature.
• Plant is day neutral (day length of 12-14 hrs is desirable).
• Drought resistant however stress condition reduce oil content.

Soil

• Sandy soil is preferred to clay soil.
• Grown in alfisols (red soil), entisols (alluvial soils) and vertisols.
• pH: 6.5-8
• Salinity effects plant growth, development, oil content and also influences nutrient uptake.