Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

Missing element

What to do

Parenthetical citation

Author

Use the source title.

(Source Title, 2020)

Date

Write “n.d.” for “no date”

(Smith, n.d.)

Page number

Either use an alternative locator or

 

omit the page number

(Smith, 2020, Chapter 3) or

 

(Smith, 2020)

 

Format the title in the same way as in the corresponding reference entry (either italicized or, if the title in the reference entry is not italicized, placed in quotation marks). Use title case capitalization. For court cases, use italics in the in-text citation but not in the reference entry.

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