Course Content
Concept of education, Extension education
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Education; meaning and type
Components of Attitudes
Extension education: Meaning and definition
Concept of extension education
Agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS)
Level of extension
Difference between formal and extension education
Objectives of extension education
Function of extension education
Philosophy of extension
Principle of extension
The extension educational process
Scope of agriculture extension work
Agriculture extension and profession
Requirement or characteristics of profession
Characteristics of agriculture technology and technology transfer Process
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Introduction
Transfer of technology (ToT)
Research-extension process
Phases of technology transfer
The TOT Approach
Models of ToT
Emerging concept in transfer of technology
Participatory/Rapid rural appraisal (PRA/RRA)
Important roles and functions of extension in technology transfer
Basic concept of leader and leadership & their types, roles and responsibilities in the rural communities
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Leadership
Leader and Manager
Characteristics and elements of leadership
Theories of leadership
Classification of leaders
Types of leadership
Development of local leader
Seven steps in discovering leaders
Methods of leadership identification
Roles and responsibilities of leaders
Use of local leaders in extension program
Agriculture Extension Service system of Nepal
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 Agriculture Extension service system of Nepal
New and current approach of agriculture extension system
The conventional extension system
Funding mechanism and partnership of conventional extension system
The Training and Visit Extension System
The Tuki Extension System
The Block Production Programme
Farming Systems Research and Extension Approach
The Integrated Rural Development Project approach
The Group Approach
Advantage of group approach of extension
Private Service providers’ extension approach
Decentralized extension system
Pluralistic agriculture extension system
Historical perspective of Agricultural Extension, its development, Philosophy, characteristics and principles
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The origin of extension
Birth of modern agricultural extension in the world
Necessary conditions for organized agricultural extension to evolve
The force of change in agricultural extension will come from four main directions
Basic conceptual and process model of adoption and diffusion
0/7
Agriculture innovation
Five stages of the adoption process
The element of diffusion of new ideas
Adoption process and use of information
Adopters categories and their characteristics
Rogers’ five factors of adoption
Barriers to the Diffusion of Innovation/Adoption Process
Land Grant College of Agriculture
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Extension as the third function of agriculture college/university
The second Morrill act
Hatch Act and Smith-Lever Act: provision for research in agriculture
Major role of extension components of university
Basic concept of Monitoring and Evaluation of extension program, Approach, Techniques and Methods
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Monitoring
Evaluation
Difference between Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation
Importance and significance of evaluation
Why you need to do evaluation?
Purpose of evaluation
Basic steps in evaluation program
The evaluation plan: An example of evaluation of training program
Design for monitoring and evaluation
Approach of evaluation
Situation of evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation indicators
Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance
Purpose of Participatory monitoring and evaluation
Tools of participatory monitoring and evaluation
Program Planning for Extension Program
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Program
Plans
Function of micro level planning
Four purposes of planning
Program planning: Basic concept
Principle of program planning
Importance of program planning
Type of agriculture planning
Steps in extension program planning
Modern tool for analysis of situation
Develop a plan of work
Log frame
Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP): Decentralized planning process
Features of Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP)
Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP) tools and techniques
Planning tools and techniques
Gantt charts
Load Charts
Break even analysis
Network analysis
PERT/CPM Network
Steps in PERT/CPM Network analysis
Difference between PERT and CPM
Sharing and linkage, Partnership and Emerging concept in Agriculture development.
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Research extension process
Key components of system for research-extension linkage in Nepal
Alternative way of organizing extension service
Rational for partnership program in agricultural extension
Emerging issues in agriculture development in Nepal
Fundamental concept of educational psychology of teaching and learning theories, principles and process of teaching and learning
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Learning
Learning process
Learning cycles
Theories of learning
Laws of learning
Teaching learning process
Teaching and learning situation
Difference between training and development
Principle of learnings
Stage in teaching learning process
Factors affecting teaching-learning situation/process
Factors within the control of teachers
Extension Teaching Methods
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Extension teaching methods
Edgar Dale Cone of experience
Factors affecting selection and use of extension teaching methods
Learn Fundamentals of Agricultural extension with Rahul

Funding mechanism and partnership of conventional extension system

A. Thinly spread public resources.

  • To satisfy political demands equally among parties, extension programs tend to focus coverage over the entire districts of the country. This approach distributes the limited public funds available to all ASCs rendering gamut of extension packages of inputs, trainings marketing, etc. ineffective in isolation. DADO finds no better alternative than to allocate at least some activities to each ASC as target for engaging JT/JTA.
  • After FY 2067/68 the provision has been made to allocate 15% budget to the agriculture sector from the block grant as a public resource for the agriculture development.

 

B. Program planning, monitoring, evaluation, and experience sharing.

  • Extension workers have been trained in some of the tools and techniques useful in extension work which includes those such as participatory rural appraisal, problem census/problem solving, projectization, project concept note preparation, logframing, proposal writing, bottom-up planning, participatory monitoring and evaluation, etc.
  • Needs assessment is normally carried out at the Farmers’ Group (FG) level one year in advance for use in planning during the following year but there is no assurance that planned activities are carried out and funds committed for implementing these from the Central Government

 

C. Logistic support and extension materials

  • ASCs/LSCs are ill-equipped with required mobility by field vehicles, teaching aids and extension materials.
  • In many places the ASCs/LSCs operate from rented premises or share facilities with VDCs and others. Extension messages are not often accompanied by critical support services of inputs, credit and marketing.
  • There are neither means nor capacities of the extension workers to put up a trial to solve local problems at the farmers’ fields.

 

D. Knowledge & information system (AKIS) management

  • The system does not hold regular experimentation, reflection and learning for the improvement in the service delivery system.
  • There are several good practices visible with farmers groups which are published and broadcast through radio and television programmes but are seldom internalized and replicated.
  • Technical advices passed on to farmers are based mainly on recommendations from NARC but the extension workers do not have capacity to adapt them for area-specific problems and needs.
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