Course Content
Concept of education, Extension education
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Education; meaning and type
Components of Attitudes
Extension education: Meaning and definition
Concept of extension education
Agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS)
Level of extension
Difference between formal and extension education
Objectives of extension education
Function of extension education
Philosophy of extension
Principle of extension
The extension educational process
Scope of agriculture extension work
Agriculture extension and profession
Requirement or characteristics of profession
Characteristics of agriculture technology and technology transfer Process
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Introduction
Transfer of technology (ToT)
Research-extension process
Phases of technology transfer
The TOT Approach
Models of ToT
Emerging concept in transfer of technology
Participatory/Rapid rural appraisal (PRA/RRA)
Important roles and functions of extension in technology transfer
Basic concept of leader and leadership & their types, roles and responsibilities in the rural communities
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Leadership
Leader and Manager
Characteristics and elements of leadership
Theories of leadership
Classification of leaders
Types of leadership
Development of local leader
Seven steps in discovering leaders
Methods of leadership identification
Roles and responsibilities of leaders
Use of local leaders in extension program
Agriculture Extension Service system of Nepal
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 Agriculture Extension service system of Nepal
New and current approach of agriculture extension system
The conventional extension system
Funding mechanism and partnership of conventional extension system
The Training and Visit Extension System
The Tuki Extension System
The Block Production Programme
Farming Systems Research and Extension Approach
The Integrated Rural Development Project approach
The Group Approach
Advantage of group approach of extension
Private Service providers’ extension approach
Decentralized extension system
Pluralistic agriculture extension system
Historical perspective of Agricultural Extension, its development, Philosophy, characteristics and principles
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The origin of extension
Birth of modern agricultural extension in the world
Necessary conditions for organized agricultural extension to evolve
The force of change in agricultural extension will come from four main directions
Basic conceptual and process model of adoption and diffusion
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Agriculture innovation
Five stages of the adoption process
The element of diffusion of new ideas
Adoption process and use of information
Adopters categories and their characteristics
Rogers’ five factors of adoption
Barriers to the Diffusion of Innovation/Adoption Process
Land Grant College of Agriculture
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Extension as the third function of agriculture college/university
The second Morrill act
Hatch Act and Smith-Lever Act: provision for research in agriculture
Major role of extension components of university
Basic concept of Monitoring and Evaluation of extension program, Approach, Techniques and Methods
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Monitoring
Evaluation
Difference between Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation
Importance and significance of evaluation
Why you need to do evaluation?
Purpose of evaluation
Basic steps in evaluation program
The evaluation plan: An example of evaluation of training program
Design for monitoring and evaluation
Approach of evaluation
Situation of evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation indicators
Criteria for Evaluating Development Assistance
Purpose of Participatory monitoring and evaluation
Tools of participatory monitoring and evaluation
Program Planning for Extension Program
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Program
Plans
Function of micro level planning
Four purposes of planning
Program planning: Basic concept
Principle of program planning
Importance of program planning
Type of agriculture planning
Steps in extension program planning
Modern tool for analysis of situation
Develop a plan of work
Log frame
Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP): Decentralized planning process
Features of Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP)
Participatory bottom-up planning (PBUP) tools and techniques
Planning tools and techniques
Gantt charts
Load Charts
Break even analysis
Network analysis
PERT/CPM Network
Steps in PERT/CPM Network analysis
Difference between PERT and CPM
Sharing and linkage, Partnership and Emerging concept in Agriculture development.
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Research extension process
Key components of system for research-extension linkage in Nepal
Alternative way of organizing extension service
Rational for partnership program in agricultural extension
Emerging issues in agriculture development in Nepal
Fundamental concept of educational psychology of teaching and learning theories, principles and process of teaching and learning
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Learning
Learning process
Learning cycles
Theories of learning
Laws of learning
Teaching learning process
Teaching and learning situation
Difference between training and development
Principle of learnings
Stage in teaching learning process
Factors affecting teaching-learning situation/process
Factors within the control of teachers
Extension Teaching Methods
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Extension teaching methods
Edgar Dale Cone of experience
Factors affecting selection and use of extension teaching methods
Learn Fundamentals of Agricultural extension with Rahul

Philosophy of extension

  • Philosophy of extension education includes the principles or guidelines with which to shape the developmental programmes relating to that field.
  • It provides to extension worker the basis for working out the programmes and the policies to be adopted in extension work.
  • Extension philosophy is based on the hypothesis that rural people are intelligent in obtaining new information and at the same time have a keen desire to utilize this information for their individual and collective welfare.

a. Extension has a philosophy of culture:

  • It respects culture of people. b. It brings about cultural change through development.

b.  Extension has philosophy of social progress:

  • Its works is based on needs and desires of the people b. It helps people to adjust with them.

c. Extension has philosophy of education for all:

  • Disseminates useful knowledge to all people regardless of personal, social and economic characteristics.

d. Extension has philosophy concerning teaching:

It teaches by doing:

i) Hearing – doubtful ii) Seeing – possibly doubtful iii) Do – believe

e. Extension has philosophy of leadership:

  • Teaches, educates, and stimulates people through local leaders.
  • Utilizes assistance of voluntary leaders.
  • Locates, trains and uses functional leaders.

f. Extension has philosophy of local responsibility:

  • Encourages people to contribute increasingly in their own affairs.
  • Prepares suitable leaders to determine programmes and plans.

g. Extension has philosophy about truth:

  • Sells only proven facts.
  • Realize that going beyond truth will lose people’s faith in extension.
  • Continuously seeks new truth as today’s whole truth may be tomorrow’s partial truth.

h. Extension has philosophy of democracy:

  • Functions only with voluntary co-operation of the people.
  • Co-operation with the individuals, groups and institutions interested in common welfare.
  • Selects and solves the problems based on the felt needs through group action.
  • Democratic in organization.

i. Extension has philosophy of a dignity of individual and his profession:

  • Believes that each individual is endowed certain unchallengeable rights.
  • Dignifies the farm, home and family.
  • Holds that changed man is more important than the changed practice.

j. Extension personnel have philosophical characteristics:

  • Extension personnel have the right attitude, integrity and high sense of service.
  • Extension personnel have deep faith that man does not alive with bread alone
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