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Importance , Scope and constraints of horticulture
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Importance of Horticultural Crops
Scope of Horticultural Crops in Nepal
Constraints of Horticulture Development in Nepal
Meaning of horticulture, its branches and its relation with other disciplines
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Horticulture
Branches of horticulture
Relation of horticulture with other science
Agro- ecological zoning and niches from horticultural perspective
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Agro- ecological zoning
Important niches of different horticultural crops
Economic significance of agro ecological zoning of Nepal
Basic principles and techniques of off season and protected horticulture and their prospects in Nepal
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Basic principles
Off-seasons vegetable cultivation techniques in Nepal
Protected horticulture
Principles of organic farming
Limitations of organic horticulture
Basics principles of high-density planting, multi- storied cropping and multiple cropping with horticultural crops
Objectives/principles of high-density planting
Benefits of high-density planting
Disadvantages of HDP
Multistoried cropping
Benefits of multi storied cropping
Constraints in adopting multistoried cropping
Multiple cropping
Importance and prospects of indigenous horticultural plants and their significance in nutritional and food security in Nepal
Challenges in promoting underutilized horticulture crops
Importance of horticulture crops as nutrition
Nutrition benefit of horticulture crops
Principles of urban and pre urban horticulture
Verticulture
Hydroponics
Aeroponics
Basics of plant propagation
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Introduction of plant propagation, sexual method and asexual method
Sexual propagation
Seed Germination and Seed Propagation
Seed storing
Dormancy
Seed viability and longevity
Pre – germination Seed Treatment
Asexual Propagation in Plants
Plant Propagation by cutting
Types of leaf cuttings
Types of stem cutting
Plant Propagation by Layering
Methods of Layering
Plant Propagation by Specialized Structures
Grafting
Selection of root stock
Scion
Graft Incompatibility
Symptoms of Incompatibility
Scion Attached Methods
Scion Detached Methods
Veneer grafting
Wedge grafting
Saddle grafting
Whip grafting
Tongue grafting
Soft wood grafting
Epicotyl grafting
Cleft grafting
Top working
Methods of Renovation
Propagation by Budding
Shield Budding
Forket Budding:
Chip budding
Limits of Grafting and Budding
Micro-propagation
Mist propagation
Classification of horticulture crops
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Introduction
Horticultural plant classification
Vegetable classification
Fruits classification
Ornamental plants
Miscellaneous plants
Botanical Classification of Horticulture Crops
Factors affecting horticultural crop production
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Introduction
The factors affecting horticultural crops
Stress
Moisture/ Water stress
Temperature stress
Effects of low temperature stress
Measures to overcome low and high temperature stress
Salt Stress
Nutrient Stress
Irradiation (light) Stress
Seed germination and Dormancy
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Seed introduction
Factors affecting germination of seed
Physiology of germination
Biochemical changes during seed germination
Factors affecting seed germination
Dormancy
Causes of Dormancy
Remedial measures/methods to break dormancy
Juvenility
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Introduction
Maturity
Physiological maturity
Flowering
Environmental factors affecting flowering
Flower initiation and development
Pollination
Fertilization and Fruit set
Fruit development
Fruit ripening
Senescence
Fruit Drop
Control of fruit Drop
Unfruitfullness
BULB
TUBER
RHIZOME
Orchard Establishment and Management
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Site selection for orchard
Fences and walls
LAYOUT OF AN ORCHARD
Various layout of orchard
Wind break and Shelter belt
Planting, soil and water management
Handling of plant materials
Planting Season
Planting Methods
Soil and Fertilizer Management
Bulky organic manures
Concentrated organic manures
Fertilizer
Application of fertilizers
Water management (irrigation)
Methods of irrigation
Objectives of drainage
Methods of drainage
Weed management options
Plant Growth and Development
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Introduction
Elements of Growth
Growth regions
Types of meristem
Phases of Growth
Course of growth/ Growth Curve (Grand Period of Growth)
Factors Influencing Growth
Plant growth regulators
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What are plant growth regulators?
Importance of plant growth regulators
Auxin
Gibberellins
Cytokinin
Absicissic Acid (ABA)
Ethylene
Principles and Practices of Training and Pruning
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Training
Pruning
Objectives of training and pruning
SYSTEM OF TRAINING
Some special methods of training
Training methods for grapes vines
Riverbed farming
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Introduction
Master Introductory Horticulture – Notes, Case Studies & Practical Insights – with Rahul

Temperature stress

  • Every plant has its own optimum temperature for its better growth and development beyond which plant experiences stress

 

  1. Low temperature stress
  2. High temperature stress

 

a. Low temperature stress

  • Plants are suffered by low temperature effects
  • It causes several plant abnormalities which may cause death of the plant
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