Causes of Pain or Distress
- Repeated use of, large volumes of, or intradermal injections of Freunds complete adjuvant
- Intra-peritoneal implantation of ascites producing hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production
- Prolonged (> 1 hr) physical restraint
- Malignant neoplasmas
- Prolonged food or water restriction
- Distal tail biopsy in animals over 3 weeks of age (tail snipping)
- Electrical shock or other adverse stimuli that are not immediately escapable
- Paralysis or immobility in a conscious animal
- Inflammatory disease
- Organ failure resulting in clinical signs
- Non- healing skin lesions
- Whole body irradiation at high doses
- Withdrawal of more than 10% of an animal’s blood volume