Causes of Pain or Distress

• Repeated use of, large volumes of, or intradermal injections of Freunds complete adjuvant
• Intra-peritoneal implantation of ascites producing hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production
• Prolonged (> 1 hr) physical restraint
• Malignant neoplasmas
• Prolonged food or water restriction
• Distal tail biopsy in animals over 3 weeks of age (tail snipping)
• Electrical shock or other adverse stimuli that are not immediately escapable
• Paralysis or immobility in a conscious animal
• Inflammatory disease
• Organ failure resulting in clinical signs
• Non- healing skin lesions
• Whole body irradiation at high doses
• Withdrawal of more than 10% of an animal’s blood volume