Introduction
- Behaviourism
- Learning occurs through stimulus-response associations.
- Learner is viewed as a passive receiver of knowledge (a “blank slate”).
- External stimuli shape behaviour; learning is shown by a change in observable behaviour.
- Motivation is extrinsic—through rewards or punishments.
- Example: Repetition, drills, rote learning.
- Cognitivism
- Focuses on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
- Learning is active, involving information processing and retention.
- The learner actively assimilates and accommodates new knowledge into existing mental structures.
- Motivation is intrinsic—driven by internal goals and curiosity.
- Example: Discussions, problem-solving tasks, linking new concepts to prior knowledge.
- Constructivism
- Learners are seen as active constructors of knowledge based on their prior experiences.
- Emphasizes individual understanding; learning is personalized and contextual.
- The learning environment and real-world context greatly affect knowledge construction.
- Each learner’s outcome is unique due to different perspectives.
- Example: Case studies, group work, research projects.
- Connectivism
- A modern, technology-based theory emphasizing networked learning.
- Learning happens by connecting with information sources (“nodes”) via technology.
- Encourages autonomous learning—students choose how and what to learn.
- Learning continues beyond formal education (lifelong learning).
- Example: Online forums, open learning platforms, digital networking.