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Introduction to microbiology
0/3
Introduction
Importance of Microbiology
Branches of Microbiology
Introduction to microorganism
0/7
Introduction
Viruses
Viriods
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Algae
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
0/2
Prokaryotic cell
Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
Nutritional requirement and genetics of bacteria
0/3
Introduction
Genetics of bacteria
Steps of transformation
Role of microorganism in soil fertility and crop production
0/9
Examples of microorganism for fertility management
Role of microbes in crop production
Carbon cycle 
Phosphorus Cycle
Role of microbes in phosphorus cycle
Sulfur/Sulphur cycle
Phenomenon of Sulphur cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Stages of Nitrogen Cycle
Plant microbe association
0/1
Communalisms: Epiphytic association
Biodegradation of agricultural chemicals
0/4
Pesticide with persistent period
Bio magnifications
Biodegradation of agricultural chemicals (pesticides) with aliphatic hydrocarbons
Biodegradation of Agricultural pesticides having aromatic hydrocarbons
Microbial degradation of cellulose, pectin, lipid, lignin and protein present in organic residues
0/10
Cellulose degradation
Bacteria
Actinomycetes
Hemicellulose degradation
In hemicelluloses, there is breakdown of 3 enzymes involved.
Lignin degradation
Starch degradation
Pectic substances/ pectin degradation
Protein degradation
Fat/Lipid degradation
Introduction to plant pathogenic microorganism
0/2
Introduction
Mycobacteria
Microbiology of milk and ,milk products
0/7
Introduction
Microorganisms in milk
Pasteurization
Microbiology of Milk products (Dairy product)
Fermented milk and butter
Microorganisms used in dairy industry to manufacture fermented milk
Different Types of Sour Milk
Introduction to rumen microbiology
0/7
Introduction
Advantages of ruminant model fermentation
Important species of bacteria present in rumen of cattle and sheep
Microorganisms playing important role in rumen(Ruminal Microbes)
Protein Metabolism in the Rumen
Production and Modification of Toxic substances in the Rumen
Toxic substance detoxified in the Rumen
Microorganisms in human welfare
0/9
Bio-fertilizers
Certain nitrogen fixing bacteria
Bio pesticides
Sterilization strategy
Insect hormones
Natural insecticides
Bio fungicides
Microbes in Fermentation (Industry)
Microbes in Antibiotics
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Genetics of bacteria

  • The change in genome is usually brought about by mutation and by transfer of genes between organisms.
  • Bacteria are generally haploid and genes transferred in bacterial cells don’t form zygote but partially diploid are produced called merozygotes.
  • The original genome of the recipient is named as endogenote and a portion of DNA introduced from a donor cell in to the recipient cell is called exogenote.
  • Variation in sequence or grouping of genetic nucleotides is called recombination and this mechanism is known as recombination mechanisms.

 

Mechanism of Recombination

  1. Conjugation:
  • Most common process of reproduction and includes the direct transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another.
  • In conjugation, two bacteria lie close together and a connection forms between them.
  • A plasmid or a part of the bacterial chromosome passes from one cell (the donor) to the other (the recipient).
  • Subsequent to conjugation, crossing over takes place between homologous sequences in the transferred DNA and the chromosome of the recipient cell.
  • In conjugation, DNA is transferred only from donor to recipient, with no reciprocal exchange of genetic material.

Bacterial Conjugation- Definition, Principle, Process, Examples

 

  1. Transformation:
  • DNA in the medium surrounding a bacterium is taken up.
  • After transformation; recombination may take place between the introduced genes and those of the bacterial chromosome.
  • Griffith (1928) initially conducted the experiment on transformation.
  • In transformation, the genetic material is transformed from one shape to another form.
  • In several bacteria like Bacillus, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Rhizobium etc., normally transformation of genes (incipient DNA and RNA) occurs but in E. coli doesn’t occur.
  • The main function in this type is; DNA from donor cell is incorporated in the chromosomes of receptor cell and transformed thereby in a cell with entirely new properties.

7.11B: Bacterial Transformation - Biology LibreTexts

 

  1. Transduction:
  • bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) carry DNA from one bacterium to another.
  • Once inside the bacterium, the newly introduced DNA may undergo recombination with the bacterial chromosome.

Bacterial Transduction

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