Course Content
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
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Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
0/1
Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
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Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
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Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
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Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
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Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
0/2
Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
0/2
Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
0/6
Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
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Digestion in ruminants

  • Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, dear, etc.
  • Their stomach is formed of four compartments namely Rumen, Reticulum, Omasum and Abomasum.
  • Food is chewed and mixed in mouth forming bolus and passes to stomach through esophagus.
  • Rumen receives the food and broken-down into smaller pieces and it is received by reticulum
  • In reticulum, food is further broken-down and form cuds. This cud returns back to mouth, this is called regurgitation. In mouth, it is re-chewed and then re-swallowed back to rumen.
  • Now in rumen, microbial organisms work against starch and other polysaccharides.
  • This fermented food is passed to omasum. Here, vitamins, water, short chain fatty acids are absorbed.
  • PH decrease and enzyme are released which help in further breakdown of food.
  • Now, this is passed to abomasum. This gland releases HCL and other enzymes which help in breakdown of food and pass it to small and large intestine.

 

The ruminant digestive system

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