Physical characteristics

It includes following points:

a. Smell

• Healthy person has mild smell
• Diabetic patients have sweet odor

 

b. Color

• Normally color of urine is yellow
• Red color indicates, kidney problem and dark indicate dehydration.

 

c. Density

• Normal urine has density of 0.001 to 0.035
• If less or more than this indicate problem.

 

d. P^H

• Normal p^H ranges from 4.6 to 8. It differs due to diet, sometime acidic and sometime alkaline.

 

e. Turbidity

• Healthy people have clear or slightly cloud urine
• Urinary tract infection (UTI) causes cloudy or abnormal turbidity.