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Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
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Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
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Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
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Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
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Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
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Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
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Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
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Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
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Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
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Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
Master Physiology II – Digestive, Excretory & Nervous Systems – Notes, Case Studies & Practical Insights – with Sonika

External ear

  • Air filled cavity
  • Formed of following parts

External Ear – Oto Surgery Atlas

a. Pinna

  • Roughly funnel shaped supported by cartilage
  • Collect sound from different direction.

 

b. Auditory canal

  • Long tubular and oblique canal.
  • Concentrates sound to strike on ear drum
  • Anterior 1/3rd supported by cartilage and posterior 2/3rd by bone.

 

 

c. Ear drum

  • Separates external ear from middle ear.
  • When sound strike on it, then it vibrate freely.

 

Middle ear

  • Air filled cavity/tympanic cavity.
  • Communicate with pharynx by Eustachian tube which maintains equilibrium.
  • Tympanic cavity contains three bones articulating each other.

Middle ear - Mayo Clinic

They are

a. Malleus

  • Largest hammer shaped bone
  • Connected with eardrum.

 

b. Incus

  • Middle smaller bone, anvil shaped.
  • Connected with malleus and incus

 

c. Stapes

  • Smallest inner bone, stirrup shape
  • Connected with oval window.

 

Internal ear

  • Liquid filled cavity
  • Formed of membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth.
  • Contains two parts:

The Inner Ear - Bony Labyrinth - Membranous Labryinth - TeachMeAnatomy

a. Vestibular parts

  • Concerned with equilibrium filled with endolymph.
  • Three semicircular canals converge.
  • Works with visual system

 

b. Cochlear parts

  • Concerned with hearing.
  • Contains three canals

i. Vestibular canal

ii. Middle canal

iii. Tympanic canal

      Middle canal contains organ of corti formed of numerous auditory phonoreceptors cells.

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