Course Content
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
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Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
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Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
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Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
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Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
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Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
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Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
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Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
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Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
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Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
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Cutaneous receptor organs

  • Cutaneous receptors organs are those sensory receptors present in skin.
  • When skin sensed any sensation then it generates impulse which is sensed by these receptors present in dermis and epidermis.

 

Types of cutaneous receptors organ

a. Mechanoreceptors

  • Also called Meisner’s corpuscles
  • Present in dermis
  • Sensed the touch sensation (mechanical stimulus)
  • These neurons carry impulse towards CNS.

 

b. Corpuscular receptors

  • Also called Pacinian corpuscles.
  • Present in hypodermis or the base of dermis.
  • Detect the Pressure
  • These cells are connected by dendrites and carry impulse towards CNS.

 

 

c. Thermoreceptors

  • These are branched free nerve ending
  • Also called Ruffini’s ending and krauses’s end bulb.
  • Detect the Temperature (heat or cold).
  • This nerve carries impulse towards brain.

 

d. Nocireceptors

  • Branched free ending
  • Sensitive to Pain.
  • Nocireceptors exposed when surface upto dermis is burned. If burnt in 450 C then it detects pain and signal pass to spinal cord or thalamus of brain.
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