Defecation - Pedigogy

Course Content

Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants

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Digestive tract of Monogastric:

Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants

Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.

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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition

Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition

Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function

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Pancreatic Juice

Intestinal Juice

Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine

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Digestion in ruminants

Microbial activities in intestine and stomach

Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.

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Digestion in poultry

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Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney

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Blood supply of kidney

Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition

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Methods of studying renal function

Mechanism of urine formation

Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases

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Physical characteristics

Composition of urine

Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance

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Acid base balance

Electrolyte Balance

Excretion of urine in birds

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Types of NEPHRON present

Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature

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Thermoregulation

Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers

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Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue

Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre

Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse

All or none character of impulse

Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue

Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action

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Cutaneous receptor organs

Spinal cord and reflex action

Peripheral nerves

Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep

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Cerebral hemisphere

Conditioned reflex

Wakefulness and sleep

Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission

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Autonomic nervous system

Eye and Ear

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Structure of eye

Protection mechanism of eye

Visual accommodation and defective vision

Retina and its structure

Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light

Structure of ear

Mechanism of hearing

Physiology of olfaction

Physiology of taste

Pathway for taste sensation

Learn Physiology II (Digestive, Execratory and Nervous system) with Sonika

Defecation

The process of expelling faeces from rectum is called defecation.
It is the last process of digestion.
It is controlled by sphincters and neurological reflex
Sphincters are Internal anal sphincter and External anal sphincter
Reflexes involved are

a. Parasympathetic defecation reflex

Impulse are carried to spinal cord and it is conducted to rectum through visceral reflex
Now through peristaltic movement and relaxation of internal anal sphincter, Defecation process occurs.

b. Internal defecation reflex

Colon reflex controlled in this
Enteric plexus carry impulse to rectum
Peristaltic movement helps/force to rectum and internal anal sphincter relaxes and defecation occurs.

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