Course Content
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
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Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
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Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
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Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
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Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
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Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
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Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
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Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
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Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
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Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
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Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Stomach

a. Filling

  • Smooth muscles of stomach relax when food enters into stomach from esophagus. This is receptive relaxation.

 

b. Peristalsis

  • This is involuntary movement of stomach muscles (contraction and relaxation).
  • This propels the food and mixes it with gastric juice to form chyme
  • Occurs about 20 secs (body of stomach to pyloric sphincter)

Small intestine

Shows two types of movement:

a. Segmentation:

  • Contraction of circular muscles that surrounds intestine
  • This Serves to mix a chyme and facilitates absorption.

 

b. Emptying

  • Process by which contents of intestine are removed into illio-caecum.

Large intestine

Contains two types

a. Haustral shutting

  • Large intestine is separated into segments i.e. called haustra.
  • Pacemaker cells in send signal causing the contraction at regular interval.
  • This disappears within 60 seconds.
  • This helps in mixing, absorption and propulsion.

 

b. Mass movements

  • Sudden and uniform peristaltic contraction of smooth muscles of gut
  • occurs in colon only
  • Occurs 2-3 times a day.
  • This help to force feacal matters to move towards rectum.
  • Contraction can be initiated by eating (Gastro-colic reflex)
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