Course Content
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract: Monogastric and Ruminants
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Digestive tract of Monogastric:
Functional Anatomy of digestive tract of Ruminants
Prehension, Mastication, Deglutition Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine, Mastication and defecation.
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Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Movement of stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Rumination:
Defecation
Hunger contractions, Thirst and Vomition
Saliva (composition, secretion, function) Pancreatic/bile/intestinal juice- regulation, composition and function
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Saliva
Pancreatic Juice
Bile juice
Intestinal Juice
Digestion in ruminant stomach, microbial activities in stomach and intestine
0/2
Digestion in ruminants
Microbial activities in intestine and stomach
Absorption of food stuffs, Place of absorption, Mechanism of Absorption, Absorption of Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat and Waters.
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Absorption
Digestion in poultry
0/1
Introduction
Kidney: Structure of Nephron, Histological peculiarities, blood supply of kidney
0/2
Nephron
Blood supply of kidney
Methods of studying Renal function, mechanism of urine formation, micturition
0/3
Methods of studying renal function
Mechanism of urine formation
Micturition
Physical characteristics and composition of urine in health and diseases
0/2
Physical characteristics
Composition of urine
Role of kidney in acid base balance and electrolyte balance
0/2
Acid base balance
Electrolyte Balance
Excretion of urine in birds
0/2
Introduction
Types of NEPHRON present
Skin: function, sebaceous and sweat glands and their functions, thermoregulation, maintenance of body temperature
0/2
Skin
Thermoregulation
Nervous system; neurons, structure of nerve fibers, degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
0/6
Synapse and transmission of nerve impulse, all or none character of nerve impulse, transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effectors tissue
Degeneration and regeneration of Nerve fibre
Nerve injury
Transmission of nerve impulse through synapse
All or none character of impulse
Transmission of excitatory state from nerve to effector tissue
Cutaneous receptor organs, Peripheral nerves, Spinal cord and reflex action
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Cutaneous receptor organs
Spinal cord and reflex action
Reflex action
Peripheral nerves
Brain stem and cerebellum, Cerebral hemisphere, Conditioned reflex, Wakefulness and sleep
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Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral hemisphere
Conditioned reflex
Wakefulness and sleep
Autonomic nervous system, general arrangement and chemical transmission
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Autonomic nervous system
Eye and Ear
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Structure of eye  
Protection mechanism of eye
Visual accommodation and defective vision
Retina and its structure
Physiological and structural change in retina on response to light
Structure of ear
External ear
Mechanism of hearing
Physiology of olfaction
Physiology of taste
Pathway for taste sensation
Learn Physiology II (Digestive, Execratory and Nervous system) with Sonika

Wakefulness and sleep

Sleep occurs in two steps. First one is Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) and another is Rapid Eye Movement (REM).

NREM

This also occurs in 4 stages

  • Stage 1 lasts about 7 min and can be interrupted by any small noise.
  • Stage 2 lasts for 15-25 min and may interrupt by intense noise.
  • Stage 3 and 4 lasts for about 25-40 min. These are deep sleep or slow wave sleep.

REM

  • This become longer progressively
  • Dreaming occurs in this phase
  • Nervous system is activated
  • Low muscle tone

 

Stage 0 is wakefulness stage. It is also called fully alert stage.

 

 

 

 

Mechanism of sleeping and wakefulness

  • Regulated by circadian system

This regulates wakefulness .this decrease during sleeping time.

 This is due to:

  • Change in adrenaline concentration
  1. Increase in adrenaline concentration: wakeful
  2. Decrease in adrenaline concentration : sleep

 

  • Change in temperature
  1. Increase in body temperature: wakeful
  2. Decrease in body temperature: sleep
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